Okra is widely cultivated vegetable crop which has been reducing its quality due to inappropriate utilization of micro-nutrients as well. This research was carried out to investigate the impact of foliar spray of boron and zinc on the growth and yield of the okra ‘Arka Anamika’ variety. The experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven treatments, including control, 0.2%Zn, 0.2%B, 0.3%Zn, 0.3% B, 0.2%Zn+0.2%B, and 0.3%Zn+0.3%B, replicated three times. Data on various parameters such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, number of branches, number of buds, number of fruits, length of fruits, girth of fruits, and yield were collected from sampled plants in each plot. Results indicated significant effects of different fertilizer treatments on these parameters. The highest values for plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of buds, fruit length, number of fruits, and yield were observed in T7, which was statistically at par with T6. Conversely, T1 (control) exhibited significantly lower values. The girth of fruits showed no any significant differences even due to various levels of foliar application of boron and zinc, either separately or in combination. Overall, the study suggests that the application of 0.3%Zn+0.3%B may be the most effective for improving the yield and yield parameters of okra.

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of mulching and potassium application method on growth and yield parameters of potato at Rolpa, Nepal from February, 2022 to July, 2022. The experiment was laid out in 2 factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications consisting of 8 treatments. The variety used was Rolpa local. First treatment factor consisted of three mulching materials namely silver on black plastic, black plastic and plant residue including control plot whereas second treatment factor consist of two method of potassium application: split application and basal application of recommended dose. Days to 90% germination, plant height, number of leaves, and canopy diameter exhibited significant variations among the various mulching materials, while the method of potassium application showed no notable impact on these parameters. Notably, plastic mulches played a significant role in the germination rate, with potatoes sprouting 5-6 days earlier than the control group. However, all subsequent observations related to growth and yield parameters demonstrated significantly superior results in the case of silver on black plastic mulch. The silver on black plastic mulches, in particular, displayed a substantial influence, resulting in the highest tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber yield at 23.12, 62.16 gm, and 24.09 t/ha, respectively. Additionally, remarkable tuber characteristics, including circumference, diameter, and length, were recorded with silver on black plastic (14.20 cm, 4.74 cm, and 5.40 cm, respectively). Moreover, variations in tuber weight and total yield were observed among different potassium application methods, with the split application of potash yielding the highest total of 19.66 t/ha. The split application of potassium also produced the highest circumference (13.06 cm) and tuber diameter (4.07 cm), accompanied by a superior benefit-cost ratio of 2.65. Noteworthy was the highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.92 achieved with silver on black plastic mulch. Despite exploring the interaction effect between these two factors for both growth and yield parameters, no significant findings were observed. Consequently, it was concluded that silver on black plastic mulch combined with the split application method of potassium proved to be more effective for promoting growth and tuber yield, exhibiting a promising benefit-cost ratio

The article presents the results of a study on the formation and justification of the parameters of a comb for laying a drip irrigation hose and sowing seeds. The features of the agrometeorological conditions of Uzbekistan during spring sowing are studied. Based on the variability of weather – precipitation, atmospheric air temperature and soil, the parameters of the ridge size are justified. The design of the machine for pre-sowing strip milling of the soil, the formation of the ridge, the laying of the drip irrigation hose, soil compaction, providing physical and mechanical soil of the ridge and the possibility of sowing seeds, is proposed. The design of a milling machine for strip processing with the formation of a ridge of a given shape, composition and parameters, a ridge sealer according to the required soil density has been developed. The main parameters of the comb shaper are substantiated.

Intakes of adequate and quality food on sustainable basis are prerequisite for good health. However, food security cannot be achieved amidst security challenges. In the recent decade food production in Nigeria has been a challenge. This is owing to many reasons, including security challenges. The aim of this study was to provide information on the deplorable state of food production in Nigeria, as triggered by security challenges. This study also highlights impacts of the security challenges on food affordability, and consequently its effects on hunger and malnutrition in Nigeria. And by extension, this study conceptualized food production focus model (FPF) that if adopted, could improve rural food production in Nigeria. Databases such as Google Scholar, African Journals Online, Nigerian Journals Online, Scopus, Medline and Pubmed were used to search for relevant information on the impacts of the security challenges on farmers productivity. Findings from literature search revealed that access to sufficient, safe and quality food is now a serious concern in Nigeria in recent time due to the security challenges, coupled with increased population growth, rural-urban migration. Although migration may be multifaceted, however, security challenges play substantial roles, and have seriously affected the food production in several rural communities in Nigeria. And most worrisome is increased unemployment rate due to lost of jobs and investment phobia caused by the security challenges in Nigeria. Furthermore, the scourge of COVID-19 pandemic amidst the security challenges have further aggravated food and nutrition insecurity in Nigeria.

Bangladesh is an agro-based country. Several vegetables and fruits contribute greatly to the national economy. Fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) have been a serious threat to agriculture in Bangladesh as well as worldwide. Morphological identification sometimes creates misidentification in adult stages, while in eggs, larvae and pupal stages are totally difficult. Nowadays, molecular identification based on DNA barcoding is an effective and rapid identification tool. However, this technique is very limited use in Bangladesh. In this study, adult samples were collected (trapping with ME and CUE) from three different geographic locations (Dhaka, Chittagong and Barisal) of Bangladesh. Adult flies were identified based on DNA barcoding (amplify the sequences with COI gene), and larvae were identified based on species-specific primers. Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Zeugodacus tau (Walker) and Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) were identified adult species found in all the locations, whereas B. dorsalis was found in a higher number. In case of host fly identification on the basis of larvae, B. dorsalis was identified from guava in three locations, indicating guava fruit is the suitable host in Bangladesh. Proper management should be taken to control these pest species; otherwise, they will become a great threat to the agriculture of Bangladesh.

Fruits & vegetable commodities incur huge loss in field & postharvest conditions due to infestation by Tephritid Fruit Flies. The adult female flies lay eggs inside near maturity fruits & vegetables. The eggs hatch into apodous larvae which feed on the pulp; making them unfit for human consumption and marketing. Using male pheromone lures like Cue Lure & Methyl Eugenol Lure is one of novel techniques for annihilating male fruit flies only. Female flies can still mate & keep ovipositing fruits. So, an experiment was carried at Maranthana, Pyuthan, Nepal with 3 replications & 7 treatments to devise techniques for female fruit flies management. The experiment comprised of commercially used pheromones like Cue Lure & Methyl Eugenol Lure and 5 home based baits viz. Apple Cider Vinegar, Yeast fermented sugar, Tulsi Lure, Local Liquor Lure & Pumpkin Lure; all poisoned with Malathion, soaked in cotton wick and assembled in Lynfield traps. The experiment was completed in two trappings; 2021/04/18 to 2021/05/09 and 2021/04/16 to 2021/07/07; with similar results in both trappings. The commercial were able to attract the highest number of flies; all of which were male. Local liquor lure & tulsi lure attracted least number of male fruit flies. The Apple Cider Vinegar Lure and Yeast Lure attracted both male & female flies while pumpkin lure attracted only female flies of genus Zeugodacus. Results revealed that female flies of genus Zeugodacus tau & Z. cucurbitae could be attracted efficiently by making use of Apple Cider vinegar and Pumpkin.

A most valuable fungus that has multiple benefits in the agriculture production system. Around the Globe, Framers and scientists have taken the benefit of knowledge on trichoderma use. It is also called as multipurpose fungus because of its use as bio fertilizer as well as biofungicide (Bio agent). Trichoderma is being able to produce volatile compound and ability to solubilize phosphate making them available to plants, it’s used as biofertilizer. As a bioagent it control various pathogens such as Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora, Sclerotinia spp. Presently a large number of Trichoderma based formulations/ Products are available in the global market which are dominated by Trichoderma harzianum & Trichoderma viridae. Its application in developed countries is increasing rapidly replacing the chemical products, while in developing countries still it is lagging behind because of awareness among the peoples. This article is also with purpose to disseminate the awareness among the peoples about its beneficial aspects in crop production process and its contribution in the environment. The main Ambition of this review paper is also to enlight the importance of trichoderma as a biofertilizer and bio agents.

This work was carried out from 15 July 2021 in Grdarasha Field, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil. It aims to show the impact of using kenaf fibers as alternative materials in manufacturing. Global climate change and environment pollution cause to do this kind of researching. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a fast growing natural crops, belongs to the Malvaceae family. It is an industrial crop has high potential for cultivation in a tropical climate and also which resistance to various soil types and climate. Selecting the raw materials for industrial applications is more important. Actually, kenaf fibers have many advantages to use in wade range of applications, also it’s fibers not just a part of plant useful as raw material but also leaves and seeds have many other advantages and uses. The results show that there is a significant between varieties on growth and fiber yield properties. The highest plant high was of FH952 by (368.33 cm), while the best values of total fresh and dry stem yields were found of HC2 and V36, by almost (219.33 and 60.93 t/ha), respectively. Providing these results through kenaf plant could be considered as substitute materials for timber and other biocomposite manufactures, and also it causes to safe environment by absorption optimal value of carbon dioxide (CO2), then cutting of woodland trees will be decreased. Finally recommended to cultivation fiber crops (kenaf) globally to conserve environment.

This work was carried out from December 2016 to June 2017 in two different regions on the north of Tunisia belong to the Sub-humid bioclimatic stage on Beja and the Semi-arid bioclimatic stage on Oued Mliz. It aims to identify the varieties of chickpea adaptable on each bioclimatic stage and to evaluate the efficiency of water use for some varieties of chickpea. Indeed, analysis of yield parameters such as biological yields, weight of hundred seeds, seeds yield, number of seeds. All varieties were grown in rainfed conditions. For the sub-humid and semi-arid bioclimatic sites plant have received respectively an amount of water of 346 and 261mm. The results show that there is a significant correlation between these parameters. The cultivation of the collection of eight varieties of chickpea in rainfed soil showed an important adaptation to drought. The number of pods marked in Beja1 and Nayer varieties are the highest, because of the ability to fill the pods during the year. While other varieties have a lower number of pods indicating that spring drought could be the cause of high flower abortion, pericarp development and empty pod formation. This research revealed that in the sub-humid bioclimatic stage, all varieties adapt and produce better than on the semi-arid. The semi-arid Tunisian is characterized by the final drought which causes the hydrous stress at chickpea. The conduit of this last in these zones is dependent on the selection of the varieties early and resistant to the water deficit.

The plant pathogens as Alternaria solani, Monilinia fructigena, Botrytis cinereae and Venturia inaequalis cause significant damages on many plants in the European region (particularly in the region of Republic of Bulgaria), especially on orchard cultures which are very important for agricultural industry in this area. There is many existed commercial plant protection products towards this phytopathogens on the market and there is intensive pesticides treatments in order to be overtake infestations and damaging of the plants from this pathogenic fungus. However such king pesticides in the most cases are toxic and harmful for the humans and environment, so there is a need for development and introduction on the pesticide market of the novel environmentally friendly plant protection products against these diseases. In the present research paper an in vitro trials were conducted with ethanol extracts from tarbush plant (Flourensia cernua) with conidial sporulation of of Alternaria solani, Monilinia fructigena, Botrytis cinereae and Venturia inaequalis. The received results show the strong antisporulation action of tarbush plant ethanol extracts towards tested pathogens. However according to the conidiospores of Alternaria solani, there was full lack of effectiveness and even slightly stimulation action of germination of spores. This results can be a base for development of the new natural fungicides against tested plant pathogens wicth can be apllied as in the commersial agriculture, as in the organic or integrated pest management