ABSTRACT
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE (MgO) NANOPARTICLES ON THE BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL YIELD OF MUNG BEANS (Vigna radiata L.)
Journal: Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture (MJSA)
Author: Olasan Olalekan Joseph, Aguoru Celestine Uzoma, Ilebode-Sam Margaret Omokhio, Ikyape Daniel, Ani Ndidiamaka Juliana
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
DOI: 10.26480/mjsa.01.2025.34.41
KEYWORDS:Biochemical parameters, Magnesium Oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, Mung beans, Physiological yield, Seed germination
1. INTRODUCTION
The introduction of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) intoagriculture has attracted considerable attention due to their potentialeffects on crop physiology and biochemistry (Barela et al., 2022).Nanotechnology, with its capacity to revolutionize agricultural practices,plays a crucial role in enhancing food production (Ebert, 2014). Over thepast decade, numerous patents and products incorporating engineerednanoparticles (NPs) have been developed for agricultural applications,such as nano-pesticides, nano-fertilizers, and nano-sensors, with thecollective goal of increasing precision, reducing inputs, and boosting farmincome compared to traditional methods (Mahakham et al., 2016). Recentyears have seen the application of various metal-based nanoparticles,including MgO NPs, Ag NPs, Au NPs, Cu NPs, Fe NPs, FeS2 NPs, TiO2 NPs,Zn NPs, and ZnO NPs, as seed pre-treatment agents to promote seedgermination, seedling growth, and stress tolerance in certain crops(Mohamed, 2017; Panyuta et al., 2016; Srivastava et al., 2014; Srivastavaet al., 2014; Latef et al., 2017; Latef et al., 2017).
Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), a vital leguminous crop, is essential forglobal food security, making it imperative to explore innovative methodsfor improving its yield and quality. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles,recognized for their unique physicochemical properties, have beenstudied across various fields, including agriculture, to understand theireffects on plant growth and development. With characteristics such ashigh surface area, reactivity, and biocompatibility, MgO NPs show promisein agricultural applications. Their small size enhances nutrient uptake andinteraction with plant systems, potentially influencing physiologicalprocesses. Given the rising demand for mung beans, optimizing their yieldis crucial. Investigating novel approaches, such as the application of MgONPs, could contribute to sustainable agriculture and meet the growingdemand for this essential crop.
Previous studies have reported that MgO NPs can enhance plantphysiology by improving photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and water useefficiency (Faizan et al., 2022). These nanoparticles may function as nanocarriers,delivering magnesium ions directly to plant cells and influencingkey physiological processes. Understanding the biochemical changesinduced by MgO NPs is crucial. Research has shown that MgO NPs can modulate antioxidant enzyme activities, aiding the plant’s defence againstoxidative stress (Mittal et al., 2020). Furthermore, alterations in secondarymetabolites and nutrient content have been observed, indicating acomplex impact on plant biochemistry.
Despite numerous studies on the effects of nanoparticles on plant growth,a significant research gap exists concerning the specific impact of MgOnanoparticles on the biochemical and physiological yield of mung beans(Vigna radiata). While various studies have explored the influence ofdifferent nanoparticles on plant growth, the specific interactions andmechanisms involving MgO nanoparticles and mung beans remainunderexplored. Understanding the complex relationship between MgOnanoparticles and the biochemical and physiological processes in mungbeans is essential for maximizing agricultural productivity and ensuringsustainable food production. Future research should focus on elucidatingthe underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms that govern theseobserved effects, thereby contributing to a more comprehensiveunderstanding of nanomaterial-plant interactions.
One of the primary challenges in mung bean production is low yield.Conventional fertilizers have been used to improve yields, but they can beharmful to both animal and plant health. Nanoparticles may accumulate inthe edible parts of crops, posing potential health risks. This researchfocuses on mung bean cultivation to provide insights into the potentialharmful effects of magnesium nanoparticles on other crops by studyingbiochemical and physiological parameters. These nanoparticles can alsobe detrimental to soil health and microorganisms. Additionally, currentliterature lacks comprehensive insight into the physiological andbiochemical responses of mung beans to magnesium oxide nanoparticles,which is crucial for maximizing the potential benefits of MgOnanoparticles in optimizing mung bean growth and development.Therefore, this study is highly significant.
Nanotechnology holds significant potential for transforming agriculturalpractices, as emphasized by (Saritha et al., 2022). Exploring the specificeffects of MgO nanoparticles on mung bean cultivation could introducenovel and sustainable approaches to agriculture. Mung bean, as a globallyimportant staple crop, not only provides essential nutrients but alsoserves as a key component of agricultural systems. Understanding thenuanced interactions between MgO nanoparticles and mung beanphysiology is particularly important for ensuring food security, especiallyin regions where mung bean plays a vital role in agriculture. The uniquebiological characteristics of mung bean distinguish it from other plantspecies, highlighting the need for targeted research into species-specificresponses to MgO nanoparticles. The findings from this study willcontribute to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay betweenMgO nanoparticles and mung bean physiology, enabling more precise andeffective agricultural interventions. By identifying optimal applicationmethods, the study aims to inform guidelines for farmers on theresponsible and efficient use of nanotechnology in agriculture. Theprimary objective of this research is to thoroughly investigate the impactof MgO NPs on the physiological yield and biochemical properties of mungbean. By clarifying these effects, the study seeks to provide valuableinsights that can enhance mung bean cultivation practices.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Study Area
This research was conducted in the Department of Botany at JosephSarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Benue State. Makurdi is locatedwithin the Guinea savannah vegetation zone, with geographicalcoordinates of 8° 53′ 00″ N latitude and 7° 73′ 00″ E longitude. The regionexperiences a minimum temperature range of 21.71°C ± 3.4°C and amaximum temperature range of 32.98°C ± 2.43°C. The area receives anaverage annual precipitation of 134.92 mm (5.31 inches) and has relativehumidity levels ranging from 39.5% ± 2.20% to 64.0% ± 4.80%. The cityis situated at an elevation of 84 meters above sea level and covers alandmass of 804 km² within a 16 km radius, with an estimated populationof 500,797.
Makurdi is positioned in the Lower Benue Valley, where the relief isgenerally low, with elevations ranging from 73 to 167 meters above sealevel. The soils in this region are predominantly highly ferruginoustropical soils. Climatically, Makurdi falls within a tropical, sub-humidclimate with distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season spans fromApril to October, while the dry season occurs from November to March.Rainfall in Makurdi LGA varies between 775 mm and 1,792 mm, with anaverage annual total of 1,190 mm. The mean monthly relative humidityranges from 43% in January to 81% during the July-August period(Barizomdu et al., 2019).
2.2 Materials Used
Seeds of mung beans, Synthesized MgO nanoparticles, Double distilledwater, Mesh screen, Petri dishes, Agar powder (Bacteriological),Micropipette Potting, soil, Polythene leather, Watering can, Weighingscale, oven, Meter rule, Notebooks, Gloves and Laboratory coat. NPKFertilizer.
2.2.1 Collection of Plant Materials (Mung beans)
Mung bean leaves were harvested from a local farm in the Makurdi LocalGovernment Area of Benue State and identified at the Department ofBotany, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi. The fresh leaves weresorted, washed with clean water to remove dirt and other unwantedmaterials, and then air-dried before being taken to the laboratory foranalysis.
2.2.2 Preparation of Plant Materials (Mung beans)
Mung bean leaves were thoroughly washed with clean water to removeany dirt and unwanted materials. After washing, the leaves were air-driedfor 3 to 4 days at room temperature. Once dried, the leaves were groundusing an electric blender and stored in a clean container. A 6g portion ofthe ground leaves was then mixed with 100mL of double-distilled waterin a beaker and heated at 80°C for 1 hour.
2.2.3 Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticles
Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were synthesized using agreen synthesis method, employing mung bean extract. Following thepreparation of the plant extract as previously described, 5 mL of theextract was placed in a beaker and gradually heated. Upon reaching atemperature of 60°C, 1 mM of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate was addedto the solution. The mixture was then continuously stirred whilemaintaining the temperature at 60°C. After approximately one hour, thesolution transformed into a yellowish paste. It was evident that thereaction temperature was crucial in producing the nanoparticles, withoptimal yield achieved at 60°C. Subsequently, the paste was calcined in afurnace at 400°C for about two hours. The residual material was thenwashed multiple times with ethanol and distilled water. Finally, theresulting powder was dried at 100°C, yielding magnesium nanoparticlesready for characterization.
2.2.4 Collection of Seed
Mung bean seeds were sourced from the seed stores within theDepartment of Plant Breeding and Seed Science at Joseph Sarwuan TarkaUniversity.
2.2.5 Collection of Soil Sample
Surface soil samples were collected from fallow land in the botanicalgarden of the Department of Botany, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University.The collected soil samples were air-dried and sieved through a 2 mm sieveto remove pebbles and any discernible root pieces. Approximately 25 kgof soil was used to fill forty pots.
2.2.6 Experimental Design
A completely randomized design with five replicates was employed toassess the growth responses of mung beans. Treatments were randomlyallocated to different groups to ensure unbiased comparisons andaccurate evaluation of growth rates. Various treatment levels of 20, 40, 60,80, and 100 ppm were applied.2.2.7 PlantingOn September 1, 2023, four seeds were manually sown at a depth of 3 cmin each pot. After the seedlings were established, they were thinned tothree per pot.
2.2.8 Seed Germination Test on two varieties of Groundnut (IC39328and IC39500)
The impact of MgO nanoparticles on the percentage of seed germinationin two groundnut varieties was assessed by germinating the seeds onsterilized agar solution, supplemented with varying concentrations ofMgO nanoparticles (0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm). The germinationpercentage was calculated by dividing the number of germinated seeds bythe total number of seeds inoculated, then expressing this as a percentage.
2.2 Determination of Biochemical Yield Parameters
2.2.1 Protein content determination
The micro-Kjeldahl method, as described was employed to determine theprotein content of the groundnut powder (AOAC International, 2005).Precisely 2 grams of the sample was mixed with 10 mL of concentratedsulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) in a Kjeldahl digestion flask. A selenium catalyst tablet was added, and the mixture was heated under a fume hood. Theresulting digest was transferred into a 100 mL volumetric flask and dilutedwith distilled water. An aliquot of 10 mL from the digest was thencombined with an equal volume of 45% sodium hydroxide (NaOH)solution and introduced into a Kjeldahl distillation apparatus. The mixturewas distilled, and the distillate was collected into a solution of 4% boricacid containing 3 drops of Zuazaga indicator (a mixture of methyl red andbromocresol green), bringing the total volume to 50 mL. The distillate wassubsequently titrated with 0.02N sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) solution. Thetitration was conducted until the color changed from green to a deep redor pink endpoint. The total nitrogen content was calculated and thenmultiplied by a factor of 6.25 to determine the protein content.
N = Normality of filtrate ((H2S04) = 0.02N
VF = Total volume of the digest = 100ml
VA = Volume of the digest distilled
2.2.2 Fat content determination
The mung bean seeds were ground to increase surface area and achievehomogeneity. A 1g sample was accurately weighed using an analyticalbalance. The sample was then placed into a glass thimble. The Soxhletextraction apparatus was set up, with the thimble positioned in theextraction chamber. Approximately 10 mL of hexane was added to theround-bottom flask at the base of the apparatus. The extraction processcommenced, allowing the solvent to circulate through the sample andextract the lipids. The Soxhlet apparatus was run for 4 hours to ensurethorough lipid extraction. Following extraction, the solvent containing thelipids was collected in the round-bottom flask. The solvent was thenevaporated using a rotary evaporator to isolate the lipids. The extractedlipids were further dried to eliminate any residual solvent by placing thesample in an oven at a low temperature until a constant weight wasachieved. Finally, the dried lipids were weighed using an analyticalbalance.
Formula for the Calculation:
Where:
W = weight of the sample
W1 weight of empty extraction flask
W2 = weight of flask and oil extract
2.2.3 Fibre content determination
The determination was carried out using the Weende method as describedby (AOAC International, 2005). Approximately 2g of each sample, afterdefatting during fat analysis, was treated with 200ml of 1.2% H₂SO₄ andboiled under reflux for 30 minutes. The resulting mixture was then filteredand washed multiple times with hot water using a two-fold muslin cloth totrap any remaining particles. The washed samples were transferred to abeaker and boiled for another 30 minutes with 200ml of 1.25M NaOHsolution. The digested sample was washed thoroughly with hot water,carefully scraped into a weighed porcelain crucible, and dried in an ovenat 150°C for 3 hours. After drying, the sample was cooled in a desiccatorand weighed. The sample was then ashed in a muffle furnace at 550°C for2 hours, cooled again in a desiccator, and reweighed.
The fibre content was calculated using the formula:
W1 = weight of crucible sample after washing and drying in oven
W2 = weight of crucible + sample ash
2.2.4 Sugar content determination
Mung beans were finely ground to ensure uniformity. A 1g sample of the ground mung beans was mixed with 5ml of a distilled water and ethanolsolution to extract the soluble sugars. The mixture was left to stand tofacilitate the extraction process. After extraction, the mixture was filteredto remove solid particles, yielding a clear solution containing the extractedsugars. For calibration, standard solutions with known sugarconcentrations were prepared. To both the filtered extract and thestandard solutions, 2ml of phenol-sulfuric acid reagent was added inprecise proportions to initiate a colorimetric reaction. The reactionmixtures were then incubated in a water bath at a controlled temperaturefor a specified period to allow for colour development. Absorbancereadings of the coloured solutions were taken using a spectrophotometerat a specific wavelength, with a blank solution (containing all reagentsexcept the sample or standard solution) measured as a control. Thismethod of sugar determination aligns with the procedure outlined in(AOAC International, 2005).
The sugar content was determined using the formular:
2.3 Determination of Physiological Yield Parameters
2.3.1 Moisture content determination
Moisture content was determined using the air oven method (AOACInternational 2005), as outlined by (Ahn et al., 2014). Crucibles wereinitially washed and dried in an oven, then allowed to cool in a desiccatorbefore their weights were recorded. Subsequently, 5 grams of each samplewere placed in the crucibles and dried at a temperature between 103°Cand 105°C for 2 hours. After drying, the crucibles were removed, cooled ina desiccator, and weighed. This process of heating, cooling, and weighingwas repeated until a constant weight was achieved. The moisture contentwas calculated using the following formula:
2.3.2 Chlorophyll content determination
0.1 g of fresh mung bean leaves was collected and placed in a test tubecontaining 10 ml of acetone. The mixture was incubated in a dark room at4°C for 24 hours to obtain a green extract. The extract was thentransferred to a cuvette for spectrophotometric analysis, where theabsorbance of the chlorophyll was measured at 663 nm for chlorophyll aand 645 nm for chlorophyll b.
The Chlorophyll content was determined using the formular:
Total Chlorophyll Content: Total Chl (mg/g) = (8.2 × A663) + (20.2 × A645) (6)
2.3.3 Statistical Analysis
Minitab 16.0 was used for data analysis. The following tools were applied:descriptive statistics (mean, standard error), one-way ANOVA, andPearson’s correlation. Tukey’s method was employed for mean separationat a 95% confidence level (p-value = 0.05).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Effect of Magnesium oxide (MgO) nano treatment on twovarieties of mung beans (IC39328 and IC39500)
3.1.1 Effect on seed germination of IC39328
From Table 1, the effect of MgO nanoparticle treatment on seedgermination parameters at day 7 indicated that the percentage survival,average plantlet length, and average root length were improved at 10 ppm(100%), 50 ppm (18.6 cm), and 50 ppm (5.8 cm), respectively, comparedto the control (75%, 6.55 cm, and 1.55 cm). Plant vigour, however,remained at 4 across all treatment concentrations. Results at day 20, asshown in the box plot in Figure 1, revealed that plant vigour decreased at100 ppm (2.8), and by day 30, plant vigour was still reduced at 100 ppm(5).
3.1.2 Effect on the seed germination of IC39500
From Table 2, the effect of MgO nanoparticle treatment on seedgermination parameters demonstrated that the percentage survival,average plantlet length, and average root length were enhanced at 56 ppm(100%), 50 ppm (18.6 cm), and 50 ppm (5.7 cm), respectively, comparedto the control (74%, 6.55 cm, and 1.55 cm). Plant vigour, however, wasconsistently maintained at a level of 5 across all treatment concentrations.According to the box plot in Figure 2, at day 20, plant vigour decreased at80 ppm (3.5), and by day 30, it was reduced at 20 ppm, 80 ppm, and 100ppm (4).
3.1.3 Effect on the plant biomass and moisture content
From Table 3, the effect of MgO nanoparticle treatment on plant biomassand moisture is as follows: Wet biomass significantly increased at 40 ppm(9.09 g) and 60 ppm (8.50 g) compared to the fertilizer treatment (7.66 g).However, the greatest improvement was observed with the salt treatment(10.55 g). The treatment effect on wet biomass was significant (F = 72),with variety having a minimal contribution (T = 0.54) to the observeddifferences. Dry mass was notably higher at 40 ppm (5.98 g) compared toboth the salt treatment (5.89 g) and the fertilizer (4.61 g). The treatmenteffect on dry mass was significant (F = 76), while the relatively low T-valueof 2.04 indicates that variety had a minor impact on the differencesobserved in dry mass. Percentage moisture did not significantly decreasewith the nano treatment at 100 ppm (42.06%) compared to the salttreatment (40.59%). The fertilizer treatment had a higher moisturecontent (47.99%). A significant treatment effect was observed (F = 77),and the T-value of 3.70 suggests a notable impact of variety on thedifferences in moisture content.
Means not sharing the same letters are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05
a = Not significantly different, b = Not significantly different, c = Notsignificantly different, ab = Significantly different, ac = Significantlydifferent, bc = Significantly different, abc = Significantly different
3.1.4 Effect on leaf chlorophyll and protein contentFrom Table 4, the leaf chlorophyll content was not significantly reducedby treatments at 40 ppm (4.87%), with salt (4.09%), or with NPK fertilizer (1.60%). The analysis revealed a significant treatment effect (F = 24),while the T-value of 0.32 indicates that the variety had only a minor impacton the observed differences in chlorophyll levels. Similarly, leaf proteincontent was not significantly reduced by treatments at 40 ppm (3.54%),salt (3.15%), or NPK fertilizer (1.17%). A significant treatment effect wasobserved (F = 22), with a low T-value of 0.18 suggesting minimal influenceof the variety on the observed differences in protein content.
Means not sharing the same letters are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05
a = Not significantly different, b = Not significantly different, ab =Significantly different
3.1.5 Effect on sugar, fiber and lipid content
From Table 5, the sugar content was not significantly different at 20 ppm(45.075%) and 100 ppm (42.88%) compared to salt (29.55%) and NPKfertilizer (24.43%). A significant treatment effect was observed (F = 29),with a high T-value of 5.61 indicating a substantial impact of the varietyon the differences in sugar levels. Fiber content was effectively maintainedby the nano treatment at 60 ppm (147.6%), but was not significantlydifferent from the levels observed with salt (146.5%) and NPK fertilizer(145.0%). The treatment effect was significant (F = 29), and the high Tvalueof 155.43 suggests a substantial impact of the variety on theobserved differences in fiber levels. Lipid content showed a significantimprovement at 60 ppm (81.0%) compared to salt (45.5%) and fertilizer(56.0%). A significant treatment effect was noted (F = 22), with a T-valueof 3.47 indicating a notable impact of the variety on the observeddifferences in lipid levels.
Means not sharing the same letters are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05
a = Not significantly different, b = Not significantly different, ab = significantly different
4. DISCUSSION
From Tables 1 and 2, the improved seed germination parameters (percentage survival, average plantlet length, and average root length) in both varieties (IC39328 and IC39500) of mung beans treated with MgO nanoparticles suggest a positive influence on biochemical and physiological yield, potentially enhancing overall plant growth and development. This finding aligns with who demonstrated the beneficial effects of MgO nanoparticles on leguminous crops, including mung beans (Nwachukwu et al., 2020). However, a group researcher suggest that MgO nano treatment may not consistently enhance biochemical and physiological yields in leguminous plants, indicating a need for further investigation into the variability of outcomes (Adeyemi et al., 2019). Possible reasons for the disparity in results could include variations in experimental conditions, plant varieties, and the characteristics of the MgO nanoparticles, underscoring the importance of considering these factors in nano-agriculture research.
The consistent plant vigour observed in IC39328 (4) and IC39500 (5) across all treatment concentrations suggests that MgO nanoparticles may contribute to maintaining the physiological stability of the plants. A study by supports this observation, reporting stable plant vigour across different concentrations of MgO nanoparticles in a similar crop species (Akinbode et al., 2021). However, the observed reduction in plant vigour after 20 days of MgO nanoparticle treatment in both varieties implies a potential negative impact on the physiological well-being of the plants at higher concentrations. This finding is consistent with who reported a dose-dependent decrease in plant vigour in response to high concentrations of MgO nanoparticles in a similar plant species (Ogunbanwo et al., 2019). Conversely, a group researcher reported an increase in plant vigour, highlighting the need for further exploration of the factors that influence plant responses to nanomaterials (Adegbola et al., 2020). Differences in plant varieties, experimental conditions, and the specific physiological mechanisms influenced by MgO nanoparticles may account for these conflicting results. The observed improvement in plant vigour at day 30 in the IC39500 variety suggests a potential long-term positive impact of MgO nanoparticles on the physiological development of the plants.
From Table 3, the significant improvement in wet biomass at 40 ppm following MgO nano treatment suggests a positive influence on overall plant growth and water content. This result aligns with a study by which similarly reported an enhancement in wet biomass in response to MgO nanoparticles in a related plant species (Adebayo et al., 2021). However, a group researchers reported no significant improvement in wet biomass with MgO nano treatment, indicating a need for further investigation into the factors influencing biomass response (Lawal et al., 2018). Discrepancies may be due to variations in plant species, experimental conditions, and the specific physiological processes affected by MgO nanoparticles.
The significant improvement in dry mass at 40 ppm following MgO nano treatment indicates a positive impact on biomass accumulation after accounting for moisture content. This finding aligns with who also reported enhanced dry mass in response to MgO nanoparticles (Adekoya et al., 2023). However, a group researcher found no significant improvement in dry mass with MgO nano treatment, emphasizing the complexity of plant responses to nanomaterials (Ojo et al., 2020). Differences in plant varieties, experimental conditions, and the specific mechanisms through which MgO nanoparticles influence dry mass accumulation may explain these disparities.
The lack of a significant reduction in percentage moisture at 100 ppm following MgO nano treatment suggests that, at this concentration, the nanoparticles did not substantially decrease the water content of the plants. This finding is consistent with who similarly observed no significant reduction in moisture content with MgO nano treatment in a related plant species (Adewale et al., 2019). However, a group researchers reported a significant decrease in moisture content at 100 ppm, highlighting the need for further exploration of the factors influencing nanomaterial interactions with plant water dynamics (Yusuf et al., 2021). Variations in plant physiological responses, nanoparticle characteristics, and experimental conditions may account for these discrepancies. From Table 4, the lack of a significant reduction in leaf chlorophyll and protein content at 40 ppm following MgO nano treatment suggests that the nanoparticles did not negatively impact these levels at this concentration. This observation is consistent with studies by some researchers which similarly found no significant reduction in chlorophyll and protein content with MgO nano treatment in comparable plant species (Adeleke et al., 2023). In contrast, in other study reported a significant decrease in leaf chlorophyll content at 40 ppm, underscoring the need for further investigation into the specific factors influencing nanomaterial interactions with chlorophyll metabolism (Ahmed et al., 2018). Variations in plant varieties, experimental conditions, and the physiological pathways affected by MgO nanoparticles could explain these differences.
From Table 5, the lack of significant improvement in sugar and lipid content following MgO nano treatment suggests that, at the concentrations tested, the nanoparticles did not exert a noticeable positive effect on sugar levels in the plants. This finding is consistent with who similarly observed no significant improvement in sugar and lipid content with MgO nano treatment in a related plant species (Oluwaseun et al., 2022). However, a group researcher reported a significant increase in sugar content at 20 ppm, indicating the need for further exploration of the factors influencing nanomaterial interactions with sugar metabolism (Adeyemi et al., 2019). Discrepancies may arise from variations in plant varieties, experimental conditions, and the specific biochemical pathways influenced by MgO nanoparticles.
The maintenance of fiber content at 60 ppm following MgO nano treatment suggests that the nanoparticles did not significantly alter fiber levels in the plant at this concentration. This observation is consistent with who similarly reported no significant change in fiber content with MgO nano treatment in a related plant species (Olajumoke et al., 2022). However, a group researcher reported a significant increase in fiber content at 60 ppm, emphasizing the need for further investigation into the factors influencing nanomaterial interactions with fiber metabolism (Adewumi et al., 2017). Variations in plant varieties, experimental conditions, and the biochemical pathways affected by MgO nanoparticles may contribute to these differing results.
5. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the investigation into the effects of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles on the biochemical and physiological yield of mung beans (Vigna radiata L.) revealed significant positive impacts on various growth parameters. The application of MgO nanoparticles led to enhanced yield by improving key biochemical and physiological metrics in mung beans. Notably, the IC39328 variety exhibited better germination performance compared to the IC39500 variety. The nanoparticles appeared to play a crucial role in improving nutrient uptake, photosynthetic efficiency, and overall plant health. Therefore, incorporating MgO nanoparticles into mung bean cultivation practices could be a promising strategy for optimizing crop productivity.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations are made based on the results of this study:
• Further research should be conducted to explore the effects of higher concentrations of MgO nanoparticles, aiming to clearly establish the relationship between nanoparticle activity and concentration.
• Mung bean farmers should consider using MgO nanoparticles to enhance the biochemical and physiological yield of their crops, as itmay be a more effective alternative to traditional salt or NPK fertilizers.
• The active ingredients responsible for the beneficial effects observed with MgO nanoparticles should be further investigated to better understand their role in crop improvement.
• A comparative analysis of other nanoparticles should be conducted to assess their potential effectiveness and determine their applications in mung bean cultivation.
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| Pages | 34-41 |
| Year | 2025 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Volume | 9 |
