A survey was carried out to collect information regarding orchard management practices from mandarin growers of mid hills of Gandaki province by taking representative sample size of 80, 25 each from Beni Municipality and Jaljala Rural Municipality and 30 from Kathekhola Rural Municipality of Myagdi,Parbat and Baglung respectively. Purposive selection of site was done, and sampling procedure was simple random sampling technique. Descriptive statistical tools, chi-square test and t-test were used to analyze the data. The study was carried out to know level of adoption of improved orchard management practices, relation between socio-economic characters and adoption of technology and to identify the constraints perceived by farmers during adoption. From the study it was found that majority of the respondents of mandarin growers were male, middle aged, had medium sized family, had medium farm size, most of them are literate and agriculture was the primary source of income. Majority of farmers had taken training. Most of the respondents were in frequent contact with extension agent seeking the required information. Out of major ten improved management practices, majority of respondents had adopted training and pruning while least adopted practices were micronutrient application. Majority of respondents had low adoption on recommended management practices. Gender, education level, training, land holding size, contact with extension agent had significant association with adoption. Major problems like irrigation, insect and disease, training, lack of labor and cost of input were encountered during the adoption of improved mandarin orchard management practices. It is recommended that, literacy program needed to be strengthened, training should be based on felt need and subsidy should be given to farmers to encourage them towards mandarin cultivation as well as adoption of improved orchard management practices.

Meloidogyne spp. considered highly dangerous on soybeans. It is very difficult to find the suitable method for controlling without affecting on the environment. Therefore, in this study we used Four treatments with a newly developed Bio-nematicide, BAU-Biofungicide, Bio-nematicide + BAU-Biofungicide including control were tested against root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita) of two soybean varities (Sohag and BARI Soybean-5). The bio-agents were used as side dressing. Bio-nematicide in combination with BAU-Bio-fungicide showed the best performance with the highest length of shoot and root, fresh weight of shoot and root with nodules, weight of seeds and number of nodules per plant correspondingly with decreased number of galls and adult females of the nematode. Bio-nematicide and BAU-Biofungicide showed better performance in plant growth characters, yield of seeds and nodulation resulting in reduced galling and nematode development. BARI soybean-5 appeared with higher plant growth characters, nodulation and yield with reduced galling compared to variety Sohag. Positive response was observed with Bio-nematicide interacting with all the varieties of soybean. Negative correlation was found between gall numbers and all plants growth, nodulation and yield components. The combination between biological control agents is useful for the supporting and succeeding the biocontrol of Meloidogyne incognita. Thus, it is leading to save the environment from the residue of pesticides.

Understanding the complex and dynamic nexus between climate change and agriculture has become crucial for our civilization. Thus, this paper aims at estimating the impact of those two concepts on one another using world data spanning from 1980 to 2018. On the one hand, the results show that the rising sea level inherent to climate change has a positive and significant impact on arable land and a negative and significant impact on livestock production. It is also found that rising sea level and global temperature constitute significant obstacles to crop production while a surge in greenhouse gas emissions significantly boosts it. On the other hand, the paper reveals that livestock production significantly increases greenhouse gas emissions while agricultural activities –crop production, livestock production and arable land– are found to have a negative and significant impact on global temperature. Finally, as agriculture is both a cause and a victim of climate change, some adaptation (shift in farming timing, intercropping) and mitigation (carbon sequestration, organic farming) strategies are recommended.

The interest in Soil carbon has risen significantly in the science community due to the potential of climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration. Changes in fallow periods influence how much and at what rate carbon is sequestered in or released from the soil. Carbon sequestration in soils under three different fallow ages (7, 14 and 21) at varying sampling depths (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-100 cm) was investigated using the method of Batjes and data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. Organic carbon content was generally low ranging from 3.99 – 5.67g kg-1. Soil carbon sequestered under the three varying fallow ages ranged from 1295 – 1611g cm-2. Though no significant variation was observed in the amount of C sequestered by the varying ages of vegetation, results showed that 14 years fallow sequestered the highest quantity of carbon (1611g cm-2) while the least (1295 g cm-2) was obtained in 7 year fallow. On the other hand, sampling depth had a significant influence on soil carbon content. In 7 years fallow period, 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm sampling depths contained significantly highest carbon stock values. In 14 and 21 years fallow ages, 0-20 cm sampling depth sequestered significantly highest carbon (3147.04 g cm-2, 2247 g cm-2) compared to other sampling depths. Conclusively, more carbon is sequestered at the soil surface than in the sub-soil and prolonged fallow age up to 21 years may not be beneficial to soil carbon sequestration.

The study was conducted to know and evaluate the performance of different methods of crop establishment of Hardinath-1, spring rice, under RCBD with 5 treatments and 4 replications; treatments used were- Open, straight row, SRI, random and dry bed method of transplanting. The parameters like number of tillers per square meter, plant height, panicle length, effective number of tillers per square meter, thousand grain weight, grain yield in MT/ha and sterility percentage were accounted for the study. The findings suggest statistical similarity in grain yield for SRI (4.475 Mt/ha), straight row (4.45 Mt/ha) and open method of transplanting (4.45 Mt/ha), although the former, literally, being a slight superior among three. Random (20.00a) and dry bed (19.64a) method of transplanting were statistically at par and highest in value for sterility percentage followed by open (17.68b), SRI (16.73bc) and straight row (16.12c) method, the least of all. SRI method of transplanting exhibited highest mean value for number of tillers/m2 (294.4), thousand grain weight (22.87a), effective number of tillers/m2 (254.8a), grain yield (4.475 t/ha) and second lowest sterility percentage and plant height after straight row method of transplanting. Straight row method of transplanting exhibited highest mean value for plant height (39.36 cm, 43.02 cm, 43.91 cm and 102.28 cm) and lowest sterility percentage (16.12c) but, showed comparatively poor performance in other parameters in respect to SRI method of transplanting. Dry bed method, as a whole, comparatively exhibited the worst performance of all and thus, categorized as control treatment. This study suggests that SRI method of crop establishment is an easy and effective technique for improving physiological and yield attributing characters of spring rice.

A piece of study was carried out to identify the resistant varieties to stemphylium blight disease of lentil at Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur during the period of September 2013 to April 2014. The experimental design was RCB in field condition having three replications. Eleven lentil test entries along with 2 check variety BARI masur-1 and BARI masur-7 were evaluated. At maturity 4 lines showed Moderately Resistant (MR) and 7 lines showed Moderately Susceptible (MS) types of reaction. The line BLX-06004-12 gave the highest yield (1456 kg ha-1) followed by BLX-06004-2 (1113.30 kg ha-1 ) and BLX-05001-6 (1106.30 kg ha-1) which were designated as moderately resistant to stemphylium blight disease. The lowest yield (987.30 kg ha-1) was recorded in BLX-05008-21 which was designated as moderately susceptible to stemphylium blight disease.

The experiment was conducted at the charland area of Jamalpur during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 to find out the suitable growth regulator for groundnut in char land. Treatments included in the experiment were: Flora (Nitrobenzene, ACI), Nafa (Entefa), Maxsulphar (Sulfer-80%, Mcdonald), Alba (Avamectin-1.8 EC, SAMP Limited), Calsol and Control (without growth regulator). Growth regulator were applied Flora (2 ml/L), Nafa (2.5 ml/L), Maxsulphar (2 ml/L), Alba (0.5 ml/L), Calsol (3 ml/L) as foliar spray at 35 and 45 days after sowing (DAS). Several yield parameters e.g. plant height, number of pod/plant, number of effective pod/plant, number of uneffective pod/plant, root length, 100 seed wt. and yield were analyzed. Growth regulators effective to groundnut in charland area from Flora, Nafa, Maxsulphar and Alba application due to formation of nodulation, chlorophyll synthesis and supply of plant growth agent. Control treatment performs better than some growth regulator treatments.

Rice is an important staple food in Malaysia and represents a substantial household expenditure. Malaysia, which imports about 35 percent of its rice, is the 13th largest importer of rice in the world. This makes Malaysia susceptible to global rice crisis, similar to the one in 2008. Climate change is crucial in affecting rice production in tropical countries especially Malaysia as climate projections have shown that climate change will affect countries in the tropics most negatively with increased temperature and flooding due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. This study analysed the effect of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions on rice production in Malaysia during the period 1970-2013. The analysis incorporated the following variables: total local rice production, carbon dioxide emissions, precipitation, land used for paddy farming, total rice imports, and global average crude oil prices. The results indicated that in the estimated model the level of carbon dioxide does not affect rice production in the short-run. However, increased carbon dioxide emissions can influence rice production indirectly by affecting the level of precipitation. Precipitation and area of irrigated land are significant variables in determining level of rice production. Policies for reducing carbon emissions is however crucial for ensuring long run sustainability in rice production.

Ficus carica or commonly known as fig plant is a deciduous plant originated from southwest Asia and eastern Mediterranean. It has many benefits in medical field especially to treat diseases such as rheumatism and haemorrhoids due to its high laxative activity effect. The main objective of this study is to develop in vitro clonal propagation method for rapid production of Ficus carica variety BTM-6 plantlet using different plant growth regulators (PGRs) through shoot induction and multiplication, rootings and subsequent establishment in soil following acclimatization. Surface sterilisation of the explant was done using sodium hypochlorite as the disinfectant. Pre-treatment of the explants with carbendazim successfully reduced the occurrence of fungal contamination. To investigate the effect of plant growth regulators on shoot induction, explants were cultured in different concentrations of PGRs either singly or in combination. No shoot and root inductions were observed but calli were successfully induced on MS medium containing 2 mg/l BA only, 2 mg/l BA in combination with 0.5 mg/l NAA and MS media supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA in combination with 0.5 mg/l NAA. A further in-depth study using other different types of plant growth regulators at various concentrations is required in order to establish a complete tissue culture protocol of this particular plant species.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is native to Asia and grown worldwide. Rice feeds more than 50 % of the world population Rice is predominant staple food for 17 countries in Asia and provides 20 % of world’s dietary energy supply. So, among cereal it considered as most significant crop. Both biotic and a-biotic factors adversely affect crop and yield. Among them, 70 to 80 % of annual rice yield is lost due to blast disease. Higher statical data of blast disease is threat to growing population on food security. The objective of this review is to know the different methods of controlling blast diseases. Management of blast can be done through various methods but eco-friendly, integration of various cultural, Nutrient, chemical biological and botanical is best. Recent Research has been made in biological, botanical, Resistance development and Nutritional management but development of variety and Biological are best option. Isoprothiolane at 1.5 ml/l and Tricyclazole 22 % + Hexaconazole 3% SC (thrice from booting stage at weekly interval) are best chemical whereas Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Pf1 @ 10g/kg, SPM5C-1 and SPM5C-2 (aliphatic compounds obtained from Streptomyces sp), Bacillus tequilensis (GYLH001) and pseudomonad EA105 effectively inhibit the growth of M. oryzae. more than 100 R gene are identified as Resistance in Blast. Gene Pyramiding and use of multilines varieties is efficient and able to overcome pesticide hazards. Neem extract 4ml/15ml, Coffee arabica@25%, Nicotiana tabacum@10% are effective but garlic extract @higher doses and neem extract @ 4ml/15 ml are best for complete control. 4 g Si/L in green house condition observed greatest reduction of blast incidence. Several forecasting model predicts probable disease outbreak and reduces crop losses. Similarly, burning of residues and flooding make unfavorable condition to pathogen.